Lecturer: Thorsten O. Zander
Fields: Artificial Intelligence, Neuroscience
Content
Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) extend the interaction space by translating neurophysiological activity into machine-relevant information. In this course, we treat BCIs as human–computer interfaces that add a direct information channel from the brain, rather than as “mind reading.” We structure the field by interaction function and intent: (i) active/reactive BCIs for direct control and communication, and (ii) passive BCIs that infer covert user state (e.g., workload, attention, error processing, surprise, affect-related responses) to enable neuroadaptive technology, that is, systems that adapt their behavior based on implicit neurophysiological evidence.
We build a coherent end-to-end view of the BCI pipeline: selecting target signals with neuroscientific motivation, acquiring EEG, establishing a design that supports inference, transforming signals into robust features, training and validating models, and integrating outputs into real-time applications. Throughout, we emphasize what typically breaks when moving from clean laboratory calibration to interactive, non-stationary, artifact-rich contexts. In particular, we contrast lab performance metrics with application-oriented evaluation, and we discuss typical failure modes such as artifact learning, overfitting to calibration, and hidden confounds.
The course uses EEG as the main modality because it remains the most widely deployed non-invasive option. We cover what EEG can and cannot represent, why context and task structure shape interpretation, and how time-, frequency-, and time–frequency-based perspectives map to neural rhythms and event-related responses.
Learning outcomes
After the course, participants will be able to:
– Distinguish active/reactive and passive BCI interaction modes and map them to HCI use cases.
– Explain the EEG measurement chain and the major determinants of signal quality and interpretability.
– Design BCI calibration and evaluation paradigms that reduce confounds and support generalization.
– Implement the core analysis logic from raw EEG to features and classification/regression outputs.
– Critically assess validation, identify common pitfalls, and choose evaluation strategies appropriate for real-world deployment.
Sessions
Session 1 — What is a BCI, and what is it for?
We define BCIs as systems that translate brain activity into machine-relevant information and situate them in human–computer interaction. We introduce a functional taxonomy: direct-control BCIs (active/reactive) versus passive BCIs for covert state assessment in neuroadaptive systems. Building on this, we discuss the practical consequences of design choices: user learning versus machine learning, calibration requirements, and the basic operating loop (calibration → model training → online inference → feedback/adaptation). We also introduce the notion of augmenting the information space of an interactive system by adding channels that represent user state and context.
Session 2 — EEG as a measurement and inference substrate
We cover EEG fundamentals needed for BCI work: sensors and impedances, referencing, reproducible placement (10–20/10–10), sampling, filtering, and physiological constraints on scalp-level observability. We connect measurement to experimental design: synchronous versus asynchronous paradigms, causal versus non-causal processing constraints, and how artifact structure (EOG/EMG/motion) can dominate apparent “BCI performance” if not controlled. We discuss how to design calibration tasks that produce valid labels for the target state, and how to reduce confounds using behavioral and peripheral measures.
Session 3 — From EEG to features and models
We treat feature extraction as “setting a focus” on signal aspects relevant to the cognitive or affective target construct. We cover epoching/segmentation, time-domain and spectral representations, spatial filtering, and how features become machine-learning inputs. We then introduce classification/regression logic with an emphasis on separability, class imbalance, and generalization beyond calibration. We discuss why continuous state estimates can be more robust than hard thresholds in non-stationary contexts, and what that implies for system design and validation.
Session 4 — Validation, failure modes, and neuroadaptive HCI case studies
We discuss how to verify whether a BCI meets the assumptions behind its design. We contrast (i) effect-driven validation (performance across calibration/test/application), (ii) data-driven diagnostics (quality indices, artifact sensitivity, distribution shift), and (iii) neuroscience-informed checks (plausible spatio-temporal patterns, condition contrasts). We conclude with passive BCI and neuroadaptive HCI case studies, including error-related and workload/attention-related signals, and we highlight boundary conditions for transfer from lab paradigms to interactive real-world use.
Literature
- Zander, T. O. (2012). Utilizing brain-computer interfaces for human-machine systems. Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universität Berlin. Available at: https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/13536
- Vidal, J. J. (1973). Toward direct brain-computer communication. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering.
- Wolpaw, J. R., Birbaumer, N., McFarland, D. J., Pfurtscheller, G., & Vaughan, T. M. (2002). Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control. Clinical Neurophysiology.
- Wolpaw, J. R., & Wolpaw, E. W. (2012). Brain–Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice.
- Zander, T. O., & Kothe, C. (2011). Towards passive brain–computer interfaces: applying BCI technology to human–machine systems in general. Journal of Neural Engineering.
- Zander, T. O., & colleagues: Neuroadaptive technology enabling implicit interaction (cursor control). PNAS (2016).
- Brouwer, A.-M., Zander, T. O., et al. (2015). Six recommendations to avoid common pitfalls when using neurophysiological signals for cognitive/affective state inference. Frontiers in Neuroscience.
- Zander, T. O., & Jatzev, S. Context-aware BCIs and the information space of user, technical system, and environment. Journal of Neural Engineering (early 2010s).
- Blankertz, B., et al. (2007). The non-invasive Berlin brain–computer interface. NeuroImage.
- Stern, J. (2013). Atlas of EEG Patterns (2nd ed.).
- Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Johnson, B. W., & McNair, N. A. (2004). Mu rhythm modulation… Cognitive Brain Research.
- Maeder, C. L., et al. (2012). Pre-stimulus sensorimotor rhythms influence BCI
Lecturer

Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Thorsten O. Zander is Lichtenberg Professor for Neuroadaptive Human–Technology Interaction at Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, where he researches neuroadaptive interaction using passive brain-computer interfaces, including implicit interaction with technology, cognitive exploration for the automated guidance of artificial intelligences, and the ethics of neuroadaptive technologies; he previously held postdoctoral positions at TU Berlin (Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics) and the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Tübingen and served as a group leader at TU Berlin. He studied mathematics (with a focus on mathematical logic) at the University of Münster and earned his PhD at TU Berlin on the overarching topic of applying brain-computer interfaces to human-machine systems. His work has been recognized with awards, including the Raja Parasuraman Award (Best Senior Researcher, Neuroergonomics Society) and Best Dissertation of the Willumeit Foundation.
Affiliation: BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
Homepage: https://www.b-tu.de/fg-neuroadaptive-hci










